Face Recognition and Privacy in the Age of Augmented Reality
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چکیده
In recent years, massive amounts of identified and unidentified facial data have become available—often publicly so—through Web 2.0 applications. So have also the infrastructure and technologies necessary to navigate through those data in real time, matching individuals across online services, independently of their knowledge or consent. In the literature on statistical re-identification [5, 6], an identified database is pinned against an unidentified database in order to recognize individuals in the latter and associate them with information from the former. Many online services make available to visitors identified facial images: social networks such as Facebook and LinkedIn, online services such as Amazon.com profiles, or organizational rosters. Consider Facebook, for example. Most active Facebook users (currently estimated at 1.35 billion monthly active users worldwide [7], with over 250 billion photos uploaded photos [8]) use photos of themselves as their primary profile image. These photos are often identifiable: Facebook has pursued a ‘real identity’ policy, under which members are expected to appear on the network under their real names under penalty of account cancellation [9]. Using tagging features and login security questions, Facebook has encouraged users to associate their and their friends’ names to uploaded photos. Facebook photos are also frequently publicly available. Primary profile photos must be shared with strangers un-
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Privacy in the Age of Augmented Reality
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تاریخ انتشار 2014